279 research outputs found

    Reflections On Science And Technoscience

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    Technoscientific research, a kind of scientific research conducted within the decontextualized approach (DA), uses advanced technology to produce instruments, experimental objects, and new objects and structures, that enable us to gain knowledge of states of affairs of novel domains, especially knowledge about new possibilities of what we can do and make, with the horizons of practical, industrial, medical or military innovation, and economic growth and competition, never far removed from view. The legitimacy of technoscientific innovations can be appraised only in the course of considering fully what sorts of objects technoscientific objects are: objects that embody scientific knowledge confirmed within DA; physical/chemical/biological objects, realizations of possibilities discovered in research conducted within DA, brought to realization by means of technical/experimental/instrumental interventions; and components of social/ecological systems, objects that embody the values of technological progress and (most of them) values of capital and the market. What technoscientific objects are - their powers, tendencies, sources of their being, effects on human beings and social/economic systems, how they differ from non technoscientific objects - cannot be grasped from technoscientific inquiry alone; scientific inquiry that is not reducible to that conducted within DA is also needed. The knowledge that underlies and explains the efficacy of technoscientific objects is never sufficient to grasp what sorts of object they are and could become. Science cannot be reduced to technoscience

    Review Of Taking Action, Saving Lives: Our Duties To Protect Environmental And Public Health By K. Shrader-Frechette

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    Review Of Genetically Modified Foods: Debating Biotechnology Edited By M. Ruse And D. Castle

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    Technology For Social Inclusion

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    O princípio de precaução e a autonomia da ciência.

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    O princípio de precaução recomenda que, antes de implementar as inovações tecnocientíficas, sejam tomadas precauções especiais e que se conduza pesquisa detalhada e de largo alcance sobre os riscos potenciais dessas inovações. Defendo o uso do princípio contra a acusação de que ele representa uma ameaça à autonomia da ciência. Ao contrário, argumento que ele serve para enfrentar as distorções correntes das práticas científicas, distorções que se seguem a sua subordinação a valores comerciais e políticos

    Existe uma distinção relevante entre valores cognitivos e sociais?

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    É útil trabalhar com um modelo das práticas de pesquisa científica segundo o qual existem três momentos-chave nos quais é preciso fazer escolhas, a saber, os momentos de: (i) adotar uma estratégia (ou regras metodológicas), (ii) aceitar teorias e (iii) aplicar o conhecimento científico. Os valores sociais podem ter papéis legítimos e importantes no primeiro e no terceiro momentos, porém não no segundo, quando apenas os valores cognitivos e os dados empíricos disponíveis têm papéis essenciais. A distinção entre valores cognitivos e valores sociais é necessária para sustentar este modelo e, portanto, para apoiar a visão de que o conhecimento científico imparcial pode ser o resultado de um processo influenciado por valores sociais, e também para indicar como a pesquisa deve ser conduzida de modo que o ideal de neutralidade seja sustentado mais plenamente. A maior parte deste artigo se dedica a explicar em detalhe como a distinção deve ser traçada

    As sementes e o conhecimento que elas incorporam.

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    Freqüentemente recorre-se à ciência para legitimar a prioridade atribuída ao desenvolvimento de sementes transgênicas na pesquisa agronômica, e a proteção privilegiada concedida aos direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre tais sementes. Alega-se que as sementes transgênicas incorporam conhecimento científico, mas não as sementes selecionadas na agricultura tradicional; e que o conhecimento científico sustenta não haver, além da agricultura que faz uso substancial de sementes transgênicas, maneira alternativa nenhuma de alimentar a humanidade. Ambas as alegações são questionadas por meio de um argumento que reconhece na agroecologia uma séria alternativa (pelo menos parcialmente) à predominância da biotecnologia na agricultura, uma alternativa que não apenas encontra forte apoio na evidência empírica, mas também responde aos valores da sustentabilidade ecológica e da justiça social

    Food And Agricultural Systems For The Future: Science, Emancipation And Human Flourishing

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    It has been proposed that the policies and practices of food sovereignty, unlike those of today\u27s hegemonic food/agricultural system, provide the means for satisfying and safeguarding the right to food security for everyone everywhere. My principal objective in this article, which gains its significance in the light of an explanatory critique of the current system, is to explore how scientific research — using what kinds of methodologies, and building on experiences of what and of whom? — can constructively inform these practices and policies, and contribute towards appraising this proposal

    The Social Location Of Scientific Practices

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    Reflections on science and technoscience

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    Technoscientific research, a kind of scientific research conducted within the decontextualized approach (DA), uses advanced technology to produce instruments, experimental objects, and new objects and structures, that enable us to gain knowledge of states of affairs of novel domains, especially knowledge about new possibilities of what we can do and make, with the horizons of practical, industrial, medical or military innovation, and economic growth and competition, never far removed from view. The legitimacy of technoscientific innovations can be appraised only in the course of considering fully what sorts of objects technoscientific objects are: objects that embody scientific knowledge confirmed within DA; physical/chemical/biological objects, realizations of possibilities discovered in research conducted within DA, brought to realization by means of technical/experimental/instrumental interventions; and components of social/ecological systems, objects that embody the values of technological progress and (most of them) values of capital and the market. What technoscientific objects are - their powers, tendencies, sources of their being, effects on human beings and social/economic systems, how they differ from non technoscientific objects - cannot be grasped from technoscientific inquiry alone; scientific inquiry that is not reducible to that conducted within DA is also needed. The knowledge that underlies and explains the efficacy of technoscientific objects is never sufficient to grasp what sorts of object they are and could become. Science cannot be reduced to technoscience
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